Please read from last post to newest. I wasn't able to put the posts the other way.
Please read from last post to newest. I wasn't able to put the posts the other way.
0 Comments
Belize Music – The Garifunas, n.d., viewed 20 August 2014, http://www.belize.com/garifuna-music-belize Belizean Music is Simple, yet Extraordinary, 2013, viewed 20 August 2014, http://www.belizeadventure.ca/belizean-music/ Garifuna History, 1999, 21 August 2014, http://www.garinet.com/main.php?module=gcms&action=get_content_detail&content_id=122&category_id=19&parent_id=224 Garifuna music and dance, n.d., 20 August 2014, http://ngcbelize.org/content/view/40/169/ Garifuna Music: Songs and Instruments – Description and Function within the traditional ensemble, January 2013, viewed 30 August 2014, http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/garifuna_music/eng/p2.htm Garifuna People and Culture in Central America, n.d., viewed 21 August 2014, http://www.globalsherpa.org/garifunas-garifuna Garifuna, n.d., viewed 24 August 2014, http://www.garifuna.com/ Jonkonnu and the Garifuna of Belize, 2007, viewed 2 September, http://cacreview.blogspot.com.au/2007/12/jonkonnu-and-garifuna-of-belize.html Music, n.d., viewed 3 September, http://www.ngcbelize.org/content/view/14/140/ Oliver, G "Punta.", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, Viewed September 1 2014, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.rp.nla.gov.au/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2103549 “Palacio, Andy.", Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 4th ed. Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, viewed September 1 2014, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.rp.nla.gov.au/subscriber/article/epm/93406 Petersen, B. 2013, “A Story about the Garifuna Documentary”, youtube documentary, video, 2 March 2013, viewed 20 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXb2p2WgHxI Shepherd, J. and Horn, D. 2014, “Paranda”, Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of popular music of the world, vol. 9, Bloomsbury Academic, New York. Social Commentary Song and Dance Genres of the Garifuna, n.d., viewed 28 August 2014, http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/garifuna_music/eng/p5.htm The Garifuna Culture in Belize, n.d., viewed 30 August 2014, http://ambergriscaye.com/pages/town/garifuna.html The Music of Belize: Drum’n’flute Legacies, 2011, viewed 19 August 2014, http://www.worldmusic.net/guide/music-of-belize/ Warasa drum school, n.d., 22 August 2014, http://www.warasadrumschool.com/ Discography“Garifuna (Junkanoo) Dance, Belize Jan 1 2009”, video, 21 January 2009, Viewed 24 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d0zvWs9KoP0 Lebeha Drummers 2010, “Lebeha Drummers, 2010 Battle of the Bands: Chumba and Wanaragua” video, innovadotmu, 19 September 2011, viewed 2 September 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WN-4gA-55U Lubaantune Records 2008, “Garifuna Drum Method Preview”, video, End of the line productions, 4 April 2008, viewed 28 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRKWdK-f5g0 “Mongulu" n.d., from The Garifuna Collective's album Ayó, directed by Garry Bassin/The Listen Project Moreno, W. 2011, “Garifuna Settlement Day 2011 in Belize City”, video, 22 November 2011, viewed 28 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUbxQLFjt3E Nabor. P, Naguya Ne (I Am Moving On) n.d., CD Rom. N. pub., n.p. “Obou" n.d., from The Garifuna Collective's album "Ayó" directed by Garry Bassin / The Listen Project Rann, S. 2008, “Garifuna Punta Music. Belize”, video, 14 December 2014, viewed 31 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSe-p3LgQ7A Warasa drum school 2011, “How to Play Chumba - with Warasa Garifuna Drum School”, youtube tutorial, video, Warasa Drum school, September 11 2011, viewed 2 September 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaGmrHXBjms Warasa drum school 2011, “How to Play Gunjei - with Warasa Garifuna Drum School”, youtube tutorial, video, Warasa Drum school, September 12 2011, viewed 3 September 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwZwlyVzb68 Warasa drum school 2011, “How to Play Paranda - with Warasa Garifuna Drum School”, youtube tutorial, video, Warasa Drum school, September 12 2011, viewed 1 September 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-e-X8Sv-hJM Warasa drum school 2011, “How to Play Punta - with Warasa Garifuna Drum School”, youtube tutorial, video, Warasa Drum school, September 12 2011, viewed 31 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtadgU2LBDY Warasa drum school 2012, “Playing Garifuna turtle shells”, youtube tutorial, video, Warasa Drum school, 25 December 2012, viewed 28 August 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJtnKeD3Ls8 ImagesFrom bottom to top.
Image 1: Central America, n.d., viewed 20 August 2014, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central America Image 2: Garifuna People and Culture in Central America, n.d., viewed 21 August 2014, http://www.globalsherpa.org/garifunas-garifuna Image 3 and 11: Photo essay: Habinaha Waranagua – The second Annual Junkanu Dance Contest in Dangria, Belize, 2012, viewed 22 August 2014, http://lilylilyphotography.com/2012/01/photo-essay-habinaha-waranagua-the-second-annual-junkanu-dance-contest-in-dangriga-belize/ Image 4: Belize Music – The Garifunas, n.d., viewed 20 August 2014, http://www.belize.com/garifuna-music-belize Image 5: Music Review: The Garifuna Collective – Ayo, 2013, viewed 24 August 2014, http://freegankolektiva.wordpress.com/2013/08/01/review-the-garifuna-collective-ayo/ Image 6: Immersion anglaise au Belize, n.d., viewed 24 August 2014, http://www.johannegervais.com/immersion-anglaise-au-belize/ Image 7: Garifuna Music: Songs and Instruments – Description and Function within the traditional ensemble, January 2013, viewed 30 August 2014, http://www.lameca.org/dossiers/garifuna_music/eng/p2.htm Image 8: Turtle Shell Musical Instrument - Livingston, Guatemala, n.d., viewed 28 August 2013, http://photos.uncorneredmarket.com/Central-America/Guatemala/Livingston-Guatemala/i-Q96JCXn Image 9: Calabash tree maracas, 2013, viewed 28 August 2014, http://english.eluniversal.com/aniversario-104/130611/calabash-tree-maracas Image 10: Crescentia cujete, n.d., viewed 28 August 2014, http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=Crescentia_cujete&comments=1 Main image: Belize Music, n.d., viewed 20 August 2014, http://belize.edelmandigital.net/about-belize/music Garifuna culture is very rich and music is a big part of society. Music is played or made at ceremonies, gatherings, concerts, parties, at home, whilst working and at any time of the day. Influences from other cultures could have it mistaken for African music but once you look more closely there are many differences.
The music can be characterised by:
Overall Garifuna music is bright and suited for everyday life. Dance is a major component of music and all Garifuna music can be danced to. Music and dance are way of expressing emotions and events as well as a major from of entertainment. The Garifuna music is a way of bringing the cultural differences of four different countries together. Mongulu is a piece by the Garifuna music collective which is a popular group of Garifuna musicians. Their music does not fit into a set genre of Garifuna music and instead is a mix of all elements of Garifuna music. Their style of music is most easily related to pop music of the western world. It is the type of music that young people listen to. DurationThe tempo of Mongulu is moderato, however; the people who wrote it would not have written it that way. The piece itself can be thought of as quite relaxed even though the tempo is not slow. Syncopation is used to add interest but is not a main feature, generally there are even beat divisions. As stated at the begining of the video the piece is in common time signature. Mongulu is full of rhythmic motifs and polyrhythm. The motifs bring continuity and unity where as the polyrhythm gives contrast and interest. The most evident rhythmic motifs are below. As you can see the two rhythms do not fit together smoothly creating interest. Overall the duration of Mongulu is relaxed and fairly even but full of polyrhythms. PitchThe melody of Mongulu can be split up into Three different motifs and is repeated through the entire piece. Each motif involves complex rhythms but is stepwise. For more on the melodic motifs see below. Most of the harmony in mongulu comes from the layers of voices. These layers build up within phrases, especially melodic motif A. Additionaly harmony comes from the acoustic and electric guitars used in accompaniment. The harmony is fairly simple and homophonic because it isn't the most important part of the piece. Octaves are the most common form of harmony. The tonality could be classified as D major but there are many accidentals used throughout the piece. Finally, the range is fairly low for female singers but this is characteristic of the Garifuna people. Melodic phrase AMelodic phrase A is the phrase that is heard most in the piece. It is antiphonic and can be heard clearly at 0:36 in the video above. The woman's call is joined by the rest of the group in harmony. This is an effective texture build up and very characteristic of Garifuna music. This phrase has an African music feel. The rhythmic motif that makes up the phrase is below. As can be seen below the rhythms used are a mixture of both simple and complex. The range for this melody is also very small. Overall this melody is interesting which makes t appropriate for repetition and also very characteristic of Garifuna music. Melodic motif BMelodic motif B is the second most prominent motif in Mongulu and can be heard for the first time at 1:14 in the video above. This motif is different to the last as it is only the women singing and only on one note. The first time it is heard, the whole phrase is sung on a B then for a second time it is sung on a F sharp. This phrase is more of a rhythmic motif than a melodic motif but it is the only melodic line at the time. Overall Melodic motif B is more of a rhythmic motif due to only being on one note. Melodic motif CMelodic motif C comes in with a set instrumental accompaniment that has already been heard. The motif can be heard coming in at 2:00. The motif is sung mostly in unison (sometimes the last 3 notes are harmonised). As can be seen below the motif is simple and full of repetition. Overall the motif is simple which suits the rich and layered accompaniment instruments. Dynamics and expressive techniquesDynamics are not an important part of Garifuna music. Mongulu uses no significant dynamic changes and the piece ranges between mf and ff depending on how many people are singing/playing. There are no style markings that I know of due to the lack of a score but the piece is approximately 110 crotchet beats per minute or moderato. The only expressive technique used by the voices is calling. Expresssive techniques in the percussion includes specially made mallets and rolls. Overall dynamics and expressive techniques are not a big part of mongulu as there is more of a focus on rhythm. TextureThe texture of Mongulu can be described as both Antiphonic and homophonic. Most of the piece and its harmonies are homophonic but there are areas of antiphony. Antiphony can be heard in melodic motif A. The piece is also fairly dense due to the nine layers of voices and instruments. Overall the piece would be described as homophonic and dense. Tone colourThe tone colour of Mongulu can be described as full. There are many percussive sounds throughout the whole piece which aids in the warm and bright sounds. Overall the timbre can be described a light and bright whilst still being made up of many layers. InstrumentationVoices Guitar - electric and accoustic Drums - segundo and primero Turtle shells (clearly heard at 3:10) Clave Donkey jaw bone (can be more clearly heard at 1:55 - sounds like a guiro) StructureA - call and response (4 times) 0:35 B - Homophonic (2 times) 1:14 A - Call and response (2 times) 1:32 Instrumental 1:50 C - instruments play same melody as instrumental (4 times) 2:00 B - Homophonic (2 times) 2:35 D - instruments and calling 2:53 A - Call and response (4 times) 3:12 For another piece by the Garifuna music collective visit the link below.
Please complete the survey below as to gather data on favorite Garifuna music styles and to test your knowledge. Jonkanu can be described as an opposite to most Garifuna music. Instead of the dancers following the drums, the drums have to follow the dancers. Small rattles attached to a dancers' ankles produce the beat. The stronger beats are emphasised by the dancer to create a feeling of metre. The Jonkanu is always danced by men in women's dresses. This comes from when the British occupied the Garifuna land and the women got angry that the men were not being real men. So the women dressed up as the men and the men as the women. This allowed the males to assault the British when they were unaware. As a remembrance of this time the men still dress up in masks and dresses for the Jonkanu. The Segundo drum rhythm for Jonkanu music is Ta Ta Ta but has major emphasis on the first beat. The first beat is also played on the edge of the drum producing a higher pitched sound. For an excellent video on Jonkanu drumming watch the video in the link below.
Gunjei music is less common again and also has a slower tempo than the styles mentioned earlier. It is traditionally performed in a circle with partners swapping over. The Segundo drum rhythmic ostinato is Ta Ti Ti Ta Ti Ti Ti (triplet). This is the most complicated Garifuna drum rhythm. This pattern although more complicated still allows for the improvisation of the Primero drum. It is also one of the only Garifuna music styles in the common time signature. Overall it is a slower and more graceful yet more difficult style of music than its closest relation, Chumba.
For an excellent video on Gunjei drumming visit the link below. chumba music is highly polyrhythmic like Punta but with a slower tempo. It is almost always danced by women and can often be about daily life and events. The dancing involves lots of soloists and improvisation. the characteristic Segundo drum rhythm is Ta Tika Ta which is a step up in complexity from Punta and Paranda. Chumba music is not a common style of Garifuna music as it is mainly made up on the spot. overall it is very characteristic of Garifuna music but has a major difference of a slower tempo. For an excellent video on Chumba drumming visit the link below. The video below is a good example of how the music and dancing interconnects and the different tempo. Paranda music is the most simple of the traditional Garifuna music styles. The unique Segundo drum rhythm to Paranda music is Ta Ta Ta but the first and last beats are in the center of the drum and the middle beat is on the edge of the drum. This produces the two different pitches for interest to a very simplistic rhythm. This style originates back to when the garifuna people were living on St. Vincente but the added touch of Latin music has come for later on. The addition of an acoustic guitar brings out the Latin influence in the music. Two artists that are well known for their Paranda music are Paul Nabor and Aurelio Martinez. For an excellent video on Paranda drumming click on the button below. Paul NaborPaul Nabor is the most famous Paranda musician and is known for his Naguya Ne - I am moving on. He was also a spiritual healer and fisherman. Andy Palacio discovered his music and used it in his own album and this brought Paul Nabor to fame. Unfortunately he never recorded much music as his talents were realised at an old age. His music is a lot more gentle and slow paced then Punta music which is characteristic of Paranda. Below is his most famous piece. |